Women managers exercise leadership in such a way that subordinates transform their interests to the interests of groups, setting broader goals for themselves. Women associate their power with personal qualities – charm, contact, ability to communicate with people, and not with their position. Interviews with women managers made it possible to understand how these women see themselves as leaders, what is the fundamental difference between their leadership styles and the traditional command style. Rosener called their style "converting". The main characteristic of this style is active interaction with subordinates.
An empirical study showed that the manifestations of self-attitude in men and women managers we determined that the level of self-esteem, expectations of a positive attitude from others in men and women leaders is no different; while on the scales of autosympathy, self-interest, global self-attitude is more pronounced in male managers. The study of verbal self-esteem showed that the level of self-esteem is higher among male leaders. No significant differences were found in the research indicators on the motivation for avoiding failures. It is revealed that male leaders have a much more pronounced level of motivation to achieve success. In addition, male managers have a significantly higher level of risk preparedness.
The results obtained are correlated with data from previous studies and do not go with them at odds. The hypothesis of the study was confirmed.
References
Ageev V.S. Psychological and social functions of sex-role stereotypes // Questions of psychology. – 1987. – № 2.
Aleshina Yu. E., Volovin A. S. Problems of mastering the roles of men and women // Questions of psychology. – 1991.- № 4.
Aleshina Yu. E., Lektorskaya E. V. The role conflict of a working woman // Questions of psychology. – 1989. – № 5.
Arkantseva, T. A., Dubovskaya, E. M. Sex-Role Representations of Modern Adolescents as an Effective Factor of Their Self-esteem // World of Psychology. – 1999. – № 3.
Harutyunyan M. Yu. Who am I? The problem of self-determination of boys and teenage girls // Women and social policy (gender aspect). – M., 1992.
Babaeva L.V., Chirikova A.Ye. Women in Business // Sociological Studies. – 1996. – № 3.
Balibalova DI Woman in the transition to a market economy // Feminism and Russian culture. – SPb., 1995.
Baskakova M. Ye. Married woman: family or work? // Family in Russia. – 1995. – № 3-4.
Bendas T. Century Gender Studies of Leadership // Questions of Psychology. – 2000. – № 1.
Bendas T. V. Gender psychology of leadership. – Orenburg: Publishing house of OSU, 2000.
Bern S. Gender Psychology. – SPb., 2001.
Bridger S. Language of discrimination – the legacy of perestroika to Russian women // Gender Aspects of Social Transformation. – M., 1996.
Veselnitskaya E. Woman in the male world. – SPb., 1993.
Vizgina A. V., Pantileev S. R. Manifestation of personality characteristics in self-description of men and women // Questions of psychology. – 2001. – № 3.
Gavrilitsa O. A. Feeling of guilt in a working woman // Psychology questions. – 1998. – № 4.
Geymans The psychology of women. – SPb., 1999.
Gerasimova N. Value orientation of the individual in the period of early adulthood // Ananyevskie readings-98: Theses of the scientific-practical conference. – SPb., 1998.
Gorchakova VG Psychology of a professional woman: Author’s abstract. dis. Dr. of Sciences. – SPb., 2000.
Guseva, A. G. [Psychological mechanisms of unfolding ideas of boys and girls about their appearance and understanding of personality]. Questions of psychology of interpersonal cognition and communication. – Krasnodar, 2005.
Johnson R. She. Deep aspects of female psychology. – Kharkov; M., 1995.
Ermolin A.V. Age-sex and typical features of representation in the structure of motive consciousness. – SPb., 1996.
Zdravomyslova E. A., Temkina A. A. Sociology of Gender Relations and the Gender Approach in Sociology // Sotsis. – 2000. – № 11.
V. Kagan. Stereotypes of masculinity – femininity and image "I" in adolescents // Questions of psychology. – 1989. – № 3.
Kletsina I.S. Gender socialization. – SPb .: Ed. RGPU them. A.I. Herzen, 1998.
Korablina EP. The formation of the personality of a woman // Psychological problems of self-realization of the individual. – SPb .: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 1998. – Vol. one.
Kruglova M. A. Motivation of personal activity as a regulator of social behavior // Ananyevskie readings-99: Abstracts of the scientific-practical conference. – SPb., 1999.
Kubyshkina, M.L. Psychological Features of the Motivation for Social Success: Author’s Abstract. dis. . Cand. – SPb., 1997.
Lukyanova Z. N. Influence of self-appraisal of a student’s appearance on his communication with other people // Questions of psychology. – 1989. – № 3. O. V. Mitina. Study of gender female behavior in the social and cross-cultural aspects // Social Sciences and Modernity. – 1999. – № 1.
Moroz O. M. Experience in the study of informative self-esteem in connection with some personal characteristics // Abstracts of scientific reports of Soviet psychologists to the XXI International Psychological Congress. – M., 1996.
Petrova, S.M. Motivational Conditionality of Self-Concept of Personality in Adolescence: Author’s Abstract. dis. Cand. sciences. – SPb., 1995.
Rakovskaya O. A. Features of the formation of the professional career of women // Gender aspects of social transformation. – M., 1996.
Rean A. A., Andreeva T. V., Kireeva N. N., Moskvicheva N. L. On the value-motivational sphere of students-students of Universitet // Ananyevskie read-99: Abstracts of the scientific-practical conference. – SPb., 1999.
Rzhanitsyna L. S., Sergeeva G. P. Women in the Russian Labor Market // Sociological Studies. – 1995 ..
Rosener J. The Woman in the Executive Chair // You and Us. – 1995. – № 5.
Rybtsova L. L. Life Values of Women // Socis. – 1997. – № 10. –
Sarfati X. Career models for men and women in research and development. A look from the ILO // Higher education in Europe. – 1992. – Vol. 17, No. 2.
Safonova M.V. Socio-psychological characteristics of women who are successful in their careers. Author. dis. Cand. sciences. – SPb, 1999.
Usacheva N. A. Woman: her status, destiny and image in world culture. – Almaty: Gylym, 1994.
Heckhausen H. Motivation and activity: In 2 t. – M .: Pedagogy, 2006.
Heckhausen X. Psychology of achievement motivation. – SPb., 2001.
Khodyreva G. L. Women in management // Psychology of management / Ed. G. S. Nikiforova. – SPb .: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 1997.
Chirikova A.Ye. Personal Prerequisites for Successful Activity of Russian Entrepreneurs // Psychological Journal. – 1999. – № 3.
Chugunova E.S. Communication of professional motivation and creative activity of engineers // Questions of psychology. – 1986. – № 4.
Shakeeva Ch. A. To the structure of value orientations of young people in a new socio-economic environment // Psychology: Results and Prospects: Theses of the Scientific-Practical Conference. – SPb., 1996.
Scherbich L. I. The career of a woman: its meaning and significance // Social Phenomenology. – Samara: Publishing House of SSU., 1997.
Self-test questionnaire
Self-test questionnaire
The questionnaire includes the following scales:
Scale S – measures integral sense "behind" or "vs" own "I" the subject;
Scale I – self-esteem;
Scale II – autosympathy;
Scale III – expectation of a positive attitude from others;
Scale IV – self-interest.
The indicator for each factor is calculated by summing up the statements with which the subject agrees if they are included in the factor with a positive sign; and statements with which the subject disagrees if they enter the factor with a negative sign.
If the value of the indicator is less than 50, the sign is not expressed;
50-74 – the sign is expressed;
More than 74 – a sign pronounced.
1. I think that most of my friends treat me with sympathy.
2. My words are not so often at odds with deeds.
3. I think that many people see something similar to me in me.
4. When I try to assess myself, I first of all see my flaws.
5. I think that as a person I can easily be attractive to others.
6. When I see myself with the eyes of a person who loves me, it unpleasantly strikes me as far as my image is far from reality.
7. My "I" always interesting to me
8. I believe that sometimes it is not a sin to feel sorry for yourself.
9. In my life there are or at least there were people with whom I was extremely close.
10. I still deserve my own respect.
11. It happened, and more than once, that I hated myself sharply.
12. I completely trust my sudden desires.
13. I myself wanted to remake myself in many ways.
14. My own "I" It does not seem to me something worthy of deep attention.
15. I sincerely want me to have everything good in life.
16. If I treat someone with reproach, then first of all to myself.
17. To a casual acquaintance, I most likely would seem a pleasant person.
18. Most often, I approve of my plans and actions.
19. My own weaknesses cause me something like contempt.
20. If I split in two, then it would be quite interesting for me to communicate with my counterpart.
21. Some of my qualities I feel as strangers, strangers to me.
22. Hardly anyone will be able to feel their resemblance to me.
23. I have enough abilities and energy to realize my plans.
24. Often, I am not mocking and making fun of myself.
25. The most reasonable thing a person can do in his life is to submit to his own destiny.
26. An outsider, at first glance, will find in me a lot of repulsive.
27. Unfortunately, if I said something, it does not mean that this is exactly what I will do.
28. Your attitude to yourself can be called friendly.
29. Being condescending to one’s weaknesses is quite natural.
30. I have not been able to be interesting for a loved one for a long time.
31. In the depths of my soul I would like something catastrophic to happen to me.
32. I hardly cause sympathy with the majority of my friends.
33. It is very pleasant for me to see myself through the eyes of a person who loves me.
34. When I have a desire, I first ask myself if this is wise.
35. Sometimes it seems to me that if some wise person could see through me, he immediately realized that I was a nonentity.
36. At times, I admire myself.
37. It can be said that I value myself highly enough.
38. In my heart I can’t believe that I’m really an adult.
39. Without help I can do little.
40. Sometimes I do not understand myself well.
41. Lack of energy, will and purposefulness greatly hinders me.
42. I think that others in general rate me quite highly.
43. In my personality there is probably something that is capable of causing acute hostility in others.
44. Most of my friends do not take me too seriously.
45. I myself often cause a feeling of irritation.
46. I can well say that I respect myself.
47. Even my negative traits do not seem alien to me.
48. In general, I like what I am.
49. I can hardly be loved for real.
50. My dreams and plans lack realism.
51. If my second "I" if it existed, then for me it would be the most boring communication partner.
52. I think that I could find a common language with any reasonable and knowledgeable person.
53. What is happening in me, as a rule, I understand.
54. My advantages completely outweigh my shortcomings.
55. There are hardly many people who accuse me of lack of conscience.
56. When trouble happens to me, as a rule, I say "And in the matter you".
57. I can say that in general I control my fate.
